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As the population ages, there will be a smaller proportion of people of working age who are supporting those that are too old to work. In many Western countries with low birth rates, this has pushed back the age at which people can retire. Furthermore, many countries had a state pension system under which some of the tax paid by today's workers went towards the pensions of those that are retired. Low birth rates results in a increase in the dependency ratio: there is an increasing number of retired people depending on each worker.

Furthermore, if the Birth Rate falls below the replacement rate, the population will gradually die out.

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