The lower mantle convection
The process that drives the movement of lithospheric plates across the surface of the Earth is called plate tectonics. This movement is mainly driven by the heat generated from radioactive decay in the Earth's interior, which creates convection currents in the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath the lithosphere. These convection currents cause the lithospheric plates to move, leading to phenomena like seafloor spreading, subduction, and continental drift.
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The plates of the lithosphere move due to the convection currents in the mantle below. As the hot mantle material rises and cools, it creates a circular motion that drives the movement of the plates on the surface. This process is known as plate tectonics.
The process of plate tectonics drives the creation and destruction of lithosphere. As new lithosphere is formed at mid-ocean ridges through seafloor spreading, older lithosphere is consumed at subduction zones, creating a balance between formation and destruction over time. This equilibrium maintains a relatively constant amount of lithosphere on Earth.
The process responsible for plate motions within the Earth's asthenosphere is mantle convection. This is where heat from the Earth's core drives the movement of the asthenosphere, causing the tectonic plates to move across the surface of the Earth.
Active transport is the process that drives molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient, requiring energy input in the form of ATP. This process allows cells to accumulate substances they need in higher concentrations than their surroundings.
The lithosphere is primarily warmed by the heat emanating from Earth's interior through processes like radioactive decay and residual heat from the planet's formation. This internal heat flux drives processes like plate tectonics and volcanic activity that shape the Earth's surface.
Energy from the sun drives processes like weathering and erosion, which contribute to the shaping of the geosphere/lithosphere through the breakdown and transport of rocks and sediments. The sun's energy also drives the water cycle, influencing erosion and deposition patterns on Earth's surface. Additionally, solar radiation heats the Earth's crust, leading to processes like tectonic movement and volcanic activity.
The major source of heat in the lithosphere is the Earth's internal heat, mainly generated by the decay of radioactive elements in the Earth's mantle. This heat drives processes like plate tectonics and volcanic activity, influencing the dynamics of the lithosphere.
The energy transfer that drives volcanic activity on Earth's surface is primarily due to the heat and pressure generated by the movement of molten rock (magma) from the Earth's mantle to the surface through volcanic vents. This process is driven by the heat generated by the Earth's core and mantle.
The sinking of cold ocean lithosphere drives mantle convection by creating a negative buoyancy force that pulls the lithosphere into the mantle. This movement displaces hotter, less dense material in the mantle, initiating a cycle of convection currents. These currents drive plate tectonics and heat transfer within the Earth's interior.
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