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Establish consistent rules for exchaning data between applications and services loaded on the participating devices.

Specify how data inside the messages is structured and the types of messages that are sent between source and destination. These messages can be requests for services, acknoeledgement, data messages, status message, or error messages.

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It is difficult to generalize about protocols because they vary so greatly in purpose but what properties do application protocols display?

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Application layer properties refer to the characteristics that define how applications interact over a network. Key properties include data encapsulation, which ensures that application data is formatted and packaged correctly for transmission; protocol adherence, where communication follows specific protocols like HTTP or FTP; and session management, which maintains state and context during user interactions. Additionally, application layer properties often involve error handling and data integrity checks to ensure reliable communication between users and services.


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