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The silicon is a semiconductor and can be doped to control its conductivity and create the junctions needed to make diodes and transistors. These diodes and transistors can act as switches and logic gates in properly designed circuits. Silicon can also be easily oxidized to become a robust waterproof insulator to passivate and protect the circuits and components beneath it.

The aluminium and/or copper are just good conductors used to "wire" the silicon components together and provide pads that can be used to attach wires or metal beads so that the chip can be connected to external circuits.

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