Proteins.
The major difference is protein sources. Ruminants require less protein than non-ruminants, and consequently require more fibre in their diet than non-ruminants. Non-ruminants cannot digest fibre and cellulose nearly as well as ruminants can, and thus need higher concentrate feedstuffs to actually do well.
Osman Bin Atil has written: 'A study of feeding value and potential toxicity of pulp mill single cell protein in ruminants' -- subject(s): Feeding and feeds, Ruminants, Proteins in animal nutrition
no
Carrier Proteins. Some don't require ATP (Facillitated transport) and some do require ATP (Active transport) to change shape.
no
Yes, birds are non-ruminants.
no
Proteins are required for building muscles.
yes canine teeth are present in ruminants
because
No, Diffusion requires transport proteins.