Convection, and thermal expansion.
Pressure.
The force that causes magma to erupt to the surface is primarily due to the build-up of pressure from the expansion of gases within the magma chamber. As the pressure exceeds the strength of the surrounding rock, the magma forces its way through the crust to reach the surface, resulting in an eruption.
heat
Volcanoes erupt due to the build-up of pressure from molten rock (magma) beneath the Earth's surface. When this pressure becomes too much, it causes the magma to force its way to the surface, resulting in an eruption. Other factors like the composition of the magma and the presence of gases can also influence volcanic eruptions.
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Earthquakes or volcanic activity can change the surface of the Earth.
The gravitational pull of the moon.
friction
force of friction
A countertop can provide a normal force, which is the force exerted perpendicular to the surface of the countertop, supporting objects placed on it. This force prevents objects from falling through the countertop.
When a ball hits a surface, it gets distorted by the impact. Because of Its elasticity, it regains its original shape when the force is removed. This causes it to push against the surface and that causes the rebound.
surface tension is a force present within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet.