Thus, material must be original and published in a concrete medium of expression to be covered by a copyright. In other words, for material to be eligible for copyright protection, a tangible product must exist
Yes; but the vast majority of uses would require licenses from the copyright holders.
There are many qualifications and requirements that someone needs to get accepted in the Executive Protection Institute. One qualification is to have a gun carrying license in the state of Virginia.
It depends on whether the work is still copyrighted, whether you have permission, and whether your particular use is exempt from copyright infringement. Copyright symbols have been completely optional as a requirement for copyright ownership for over 20 years, under US copyright law. You have the burden of making sure that the work is not copyrighted before you use it without obtaining a license, if one is necessary for your use.
No; names are too short to qualify for copyright protection. They may however have trademark their name, which would require you to get a license; if an endorsement is implied, that would also require permission.
In the United States, copyright protection lasts until 70 years after the author's death. Copyright protection for works by English pilot W.E. Johns is set to expire in 2038. But you don't have to worry about copyright, because:Quotations qualify as fair use under U.S. copyright law, which means that quoting a work is not copyright infringement.Citing a book for informational purposes does not require permission from the author. Only attribution, or crediting an author for the work, is necessary.
Yes it really is. The law was amended by the Berne Copyright Convention & all works privately produced after April 1, 1989 no longer a require a copyright symbol (c) or © in order for a work to be afforded protection.
Digital materials are treated exactly the same as physical materials: the creator has the exclusive right to copy, alter, distribute, or perform/display the work, or authorize others to do so. Downloading content is considered "copying," and uploading content is considered "copying" and "distributing;" thus they require permission of the copyright holder.
As a content creator, the best thing you can do is to register your copyright, and note on or in the material the copyright date and owner (for digital materials, it's very useful to include this in embedded metadata).As a content user, you need to be aware of what types of uses require permission, and how unlicensed uses effect the industry.
Signatories to the Berne Convention (which includes the United States) cannot require formalities. Before Berne, works were only protected if they were published with a copyright symbol and registered with the Copyright Office; since Berne, works are automatically protected as soon as they are "fixed." If you wish to use materials created by someone else, even if they are not marked, you need their permission.
On your own work, no: notification is not required for protection. When referring to others' work, it depends on the situation; most bibliographic styles require the year without the symbol.
You do not require any qualifications. You do need a knowledge of simple programming languages.
Absolutely; however the majority of uses require permission from the copyright holder.