Judicial Review
Judicial Review
the right to interpret laws
Judicial Review
Judicial Review
the right to interpret laws
The power of judicial review was never formally delegated either by the Constitution or an Act of Congress, but arose from British common law practices the US Courts adopted as a matter of course. Chief Justice John Marshall formally claimed the right of judicial review in his opinion for the Marbury v. Madison, (1803) case.
Marbury v. Madison
Cooper v. Aaron
The Judiciary Act of 1789 played a vital role in the Marbury v. Madison case, because it gave John Marshall an opportunity to formally establish the right of judicial review when he declare Section 13 of the Act unconstitutional. Judicial review is the ability of a court to evaluate laws, executive orders, treaties and policies relevant to cases before them to determine if the law (etc.) is constitutional. The Court nullifies unconstitutional laws, orders, treaties and policies and renders them unenforceable.According to Marshall, Congress had exceeded its authority by attempting to extend the Supreme Court's original (trial) jurisdiction beyond the types of cases listed in Article III of the Constitution. Congress was permitted to alter the Supreme Court's appellate (appeals) jurisdiction, but not their original (trial) jurisdiction.In Section 13 of the Judiciary Act, Congress gave the Supreme Court responsibility for issuing writs of mandamus (a court order compelling an official to take action) against government officials, probably lumping them into the same category as ambassadors and public consuls, a class legitimately part of the Court's original jurisdiction.Marshall's interpretation was different from Congress', so he overturned Section 13 as unconstitutional and declared writs of mandamus must first be requested through the lower courts. This was the first time the Supreme Court declared an Act of Congress unconstitutional. The action allowed Marshall to formally claim the right of judicial review for the Judicial Branch of government.The Judiciary Act of 1789 helped the Supreme Court establish an important check on the powers of the Executive and Legislative branches of government.Case Citation:Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803)
1
What reason did the president give for justifying his claim of executive privilege
William Paterson was one of the first members of the U.S. Supreme Court.
If one senator is suing another senator, the claim would typically be heard in federal court. This could be a district court or, if the case involves constitutional or legal issues, the Supreme Court.
this is simple reallly. the supreme court used the case 98 in 1957. against the cat and the other dog.