Discussing business
In the Israeli military only necessary actions are done on Shabbat.There are no training, but if there are things that have to be done (like patrolling in the borders) they are done on Shabbat. This is ok because it is "Pikuach Nefesh" (peoples' lives will be in danger if the military will not guard them on Shabbat).
Anything that may not be done on Shabbat, such as turning on lights or arranging electric timers, is done beforehand. The food is cooked, the table set, and the house made neat; and people shower and dress nicely and appropriately.
They prepare their children for Shabbat and light the Shabbat candles.
"Shabbat Shalom!"
Yes and no. Shabbat Shalom is only said on Fridays and Saturdays.
Some JCC's are closed on Shabbat while others aren't. You should call your local JCC or visit their web site to find out what their hours are.
Yes, if Yom Kippur falls on Shabbat. However, during a regular Shabbat, fasting is a violation of celebrating the day. Instead, the Torah specifies that Jews are supposed to eat 3 delicious meals as part of celebrating Shabbat.
They're called Shabbat candles (Neirot Shabbat in Hebrew).
Shabbat Shabbatot
After Shabbat, there is the Havdalah service.
Shabbat comes from the Hebrew word for sit/rest. Shabbat is the day of rest.