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The Byzantine Empire's dates run from  A.D. 330 – 1453. Until the Eastern Orthodox Churches split from the Catholic Church in A.D. 1054 there were no "branches" of Christianity, there was only the Catholic Church.
The Byzantine form of Christianity was eventually called Orthodox. In 1056, the Roman and Byzantine churches split over a number of doctrinal controversies.
The eastern part of the Roman empire became known as the Byzantine empire.
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The Orthodox Church
The Byzantine Empire did not recover from the fall of Constantinople to the Turks because the Turks were a strong local power which captured all of the remaining byzantine territory. Whereas the 4th Crusaders were few in number after they divided up the empire and they only captured part of the Byzantine Empire, the remainder of the Empire split into independent Byzantine powers, one of which the Empire of Nicaea eventually recaptured Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire.
They were mostly Christian, and after 1054, split from the catholic, or universal church, and are usually referred to as "Greek Orthodox."
During the decline of the Roman Empire, the empire was split into a western and eastern half. The capital of the western half was Rome, until it was invaded and captured by the visa-goths from modern day Germany. The eastern half was centered around Constantinople or modern day Istanbul After the collapse of the eastern empire, the western half was renamed the Byzantine Empire. So the Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern part of the Roman Empire and became independent of Rome after the decision of Emperor Theodosius to split the empire between his two sons after his own death.Until the fourth century, the eastern empire had far more Christians than the western empire, where Rome was the only city with a significant Christian population. Under imperial patronage and assisted by steady persecution of the pagan temples, Christianity grew rapidly in both the east and the west, throughout the fourth century. In 381, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of empire and soon after made it a serious crime to worship the pagan gods publicly. Many of the pagans were strongly religious and it took centuries of continuous persecution before the last pagans had been eliminated and Christianity could claim to be the sole religion of the Byzantine Empire.
The spread of Christianity had political ramifications for the Roman Empire. The empire split into two, Constantinople to the east and Rome to the west