Sun
The same as it is now: the Solar System, in the Milky Way Galaxy.
The largest star that we know of a is a red hypergiant, named VY Canis Majoris. The size of this star extends to what would be the orbit of Saturn, this is about 1,433,449,370 kilometers. The possiblity of a star being larger then our entire solar system doesn't seem probable, but we have no way of observing every star in the universe to tell. There must be a star somwhere that is large enough to envelope our solar system, but as of now we don't know of any.
It is the last planet from the sun, a gas giant that is freezing now classed officially a dwarf star.
No, Neptune is not a star. It is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in our solar system. It is a gas giant like Jupiter and Saturn, not a star which generates its own light through nuclear fusion.
Yes, as now the Pluto is excluded from the solar system, it is the smallest and the fastest planet in the solar system.
Proxima Centauri, which is currently the closest star to the Sun, was also the nearest star to the solar system 50 million years ago. It was located approximately 4.24 light-years away from the Sun then, just as it is now.
Yes, it is. At 2006, the scientists decided that it was not a planet of solar system. Now, there are just eight planets in the solar system.
The old name of our star, which we sometimes call the "Sun" is "Sol". Sol has a number of planets, planetesimals, and rocks orbiting it. This is therefore called the "Sol"-ar system, or simply, the Solar System. Pluto is now classified as a "dwarf planet". Pluto may be a part of the Kuyper Belt at the far edge of our Solar System.
The Geocentric solar system; now defunct as a viable option.
Ah, it looks like there might be a little mix-up there, friend. Our solar system has just one star, and that's our beautiful, warm friend, the sun. Isn't that just a cheerful thought, knowing that our sun shines for us each day? Happy little rays of sunshine make everything brighter!
9. Actually, there are 8 planets in our solar system. Pluto is no longer considered a planet. However, we have now found approx. 400 extra-solar planets, or planets in other star systems.
They could, but as of now, no astronauts have travelled to any other planets in the solar system.