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This depends on the wealth of the captors! Commonly in the UK/USA sand, compressed mud or even wood chippings (soft wood) are used. Concrete is seen in poorer zoos however there is little evidence to suggest it is any worse. Like with most enclosures zoos aim to make the exhibits as aesthetically pleasing as possible.

Some reports have suggested that there needs to be a mixture of hard and soft substrate so that the hard substrate wears down the elephants nails (yes they do have them) whilst the soft substrate provides relief to the softer tissue in the centre of the foot.

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Q: What substrate do elephants in in captivity?
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