It is called the surface, but the outer layer of rock beneath the land and the oceans is called the Earth's crust.
Subsidence.
Projection
It is called the crust.
Height above earths surface is called elevation
it is called magma.
A meteorite.
meteoroid
Yes
The Earth's surface layer is called the crust.
Molten rock material on Earth's surface is called lava. When under Earth's surface it's called magma
Molton rock that flows from a volcano onto Earths surface is
The study of Earth's surface landforms is known as geomorphology.