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I also seek an answer to this question. There were Medieval examples (the Humiliati, Franciscans, etc.). But their 'vows of poverty' seem a bit idividualistic/self-indulgent. There are also similar examples in other societies (i.e., the sadhus and sanyasins of India). Generally, these practices were focused individual 'redemtion/repenitence'. They do not reflect an understanding of the great benefit to all society of a universal rejection of ownership.

The best sources of a 'rejection of ownership' philosophy would be further back in history. Ancient indigenous cultures simply did not have a word for 'ownership'. Land ownership didn't even exist. This, of course, applied to nomadic cultures, since their livlihood was dependent on moving freely over vast areas. But, it also applied to other cultures.

My favorite example is the Ancient Hawaiians - isolated in the middle of the Pacific, further from continents than any other land mass. They only had each other. They had no land ownership - they instead had the concept of 'kuleana' (responsibility, stewardship). It could fall to a group or to a ruling elite. (The ruling elite would have been dependent on the group, so the distinction is minor.) The land ('aina) was (is) considered a living entity - a spirtual entity above humans. It deserves repect, reverence, awe and even fear. One does not harm the 'aina in any way - especially not for one's own comfort or profit. The health and welfare of the humans depended on 'kapus' (accepted taboos - especially regarding sustainable hunting, fishing, farming and gathering) and on living 'pono' (doing what is right - for all, for the future generations and for the 'aina ... not just the individual).

On an island, the understanding of interdependence and reciprocity is fundemental -- actually, *essential* to survival. Including the 'aina as a Being in this philosophy is prescient, at the least.

The Hawaiian philosophy of living would be a good one for the global community (as an island in the universe) to consider at this point in time!

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Q: What theory rejects private property ownership rights?
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