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Roman agriculture was based on large landed estates which employed slave labour and small peasant farms, which were family farms tilled by family labour. The large estates also employed paid seasonal workers.

Slaves were war captives. Therefore, with the end of Rome's wars of expansion, the supply of slave labour dropped. Lhe large estate came to rely on paid seasonal workers more than before. During the 3rd century AD there was an economic crisis which forced some urban dwellers to migrate to the countryside and work on the large estates. Some peasants also moved to these estates to escape an oppressive taxation regime. Several imperial decrees tied these people to their landlords by forbidding them from leaving the estates. This created a servile labour force, which become another feature of the large landed estates.

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