Hydrogen and helium
Hydrogen and Helium
As the gases in a protostar begin to collapse, the central core begins to heat up due to pressure. As more gases are absorbed, the greater the pressure. Once the temperature of the core reaches 10 million degrees K, hydrogen fusion begins, and the star begins it's life on the main sequence. The star will stay on the main sequence whilst it still has hydrogen to fuse. Once all the hydrogen has been used, the star will drop out of the main sequence. Protostar stage in the stellar evolution. [See related question]
No. Red giants are not on the main sequence.
A red main sequence star would be a red dwarf or a branch red giant. To be on the main sequence, you have to have hydrogen nuclear fusion.
The sun is a main sequence star, so 1 AU.
Main-Sequence star
None of those is a main sequence star.
Sirius is not a single star but a binary star system consisting of a white main sequence star and a white dwarf.
The defining characteristic of a main sequence star burns hydrogen to helium in its core.
Most stars are on the main sequence; that includes red dwarves. Specifically, in this case, the closest known star - Proxima Centauri - is also the closest main-sequence star.
Algol is a blue main-sequence star in the constellation Perseus
When a star "goes off the main-sequence" it generally means the star has run out of hydrogen fuel and is beginning the post-main-sequence or its end of life phase. The main sequence of a star is the time where it is no longer just a proto-star but is burning hydrogen as a primary source of fuel.