series and shunt voltage regulators
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Yes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * The voltage regulators are in the back of the alternators on a 1997 Ford Ranger but they can be changed separately according to fordparts.com *
Most voltage regulators are inside the alternator.
Voltage regulators are integrated into the alternators these days.
No, you cannot put two 5V voltage regulators in series to obtain 10V. Voltage regulators are designed to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of the input voltage, and connecting them in series would not sum their outputs as you might expect. Instead, it could lead to instability or damage to the regulators. To achieve 10V, it's better to use a step-up (boost) converter or a dedicated 10V regulator.
Both are 1.5A adjustable voltage regulators. The LM317 outputs a positive (with respect to ground) voltage, and the LM337 outputs a negative voltage.
A voltage regulator. Examples are the 78dd series of regulators where dd is the voltage, e.g. 7805, 7812. These work with a positive rail, the 79dd regulators work with a negative rail.
Linear Monolithic
Yes, modern alternators have voltage regulators built in.
They are frequently used to provide a voltage reference in voltage regulators.