dont know the answers
Which one are you referring to?
The Logic of Scientific Discovery was created in 1934.
Galileo held a pendulum up to his heart and timed the beats. This is what led to the discovery of measuring small amounts of time more accurately.
Yes it was a scientific as well as a historical discovery.
He challenged their authority by pointing out scientific errors that were being officially taught as fact.
The word discovery itself implies experimentation. Scientific discovery involves research, practice, comparisons, priorities, salient results. Without routine and specified experimentation, there could be little scientific discovery.
Which discovery? Amerigo rediscovered America, but that wasn't scientific.
Galileos discovery of those moons led people to realise that not everything in the universe moves round the Earth. It raised the question of whether the Sun travels round the Earth or not. A hundred years after Galileo's time, scientific discoveries were making it increasingly clear that the Sun is at the centre of the solar system.
Curiosity
Scientific method
The telescope
There is no obvious way to determine which scientific discovery is the best, however, I personally would nominate the heliocentric theory of astronomy.