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Islam as a religion expanded as the Islamic Empires expanded through conquest and where Islamic merchants met with receptive cultures outside of the Islamic Empires.
to take the holy land back from the Islamic empires. to take the holy land back from the Islamic empires.
the Abbasid. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal were the only early modern Islamic empires
to take the holy land back from the Islamic empires. to take the holy land back from the Islamic empires.
religion
Islamic
It depends on the Islamic Empire in question. (There have been over 25 distinct Islamic Empires.) Usually this position was taken by a Caliph, but there a significant number of Islamic Empires, especially later in history, where the Caliph was exclusively a religious leader and it was the Sultan who ruled from a political perspective.
Most of the Islamic Empires were in the Middle East and/or North Africa or Spain or Central Asia. As there were nearly 25 different Islamic Empires, please be more specific if you want a more specific answer.
The Islamic Caliphates provided much of the basic science that the European Scientific Revolution used as grounding for its scientific discoveries. Other than that, the Scientific Revolution itself did not involve the Islamic Caliphates or Islamic Empires in the slightest.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, and religion.
The most prominent declining Islamic Empire in the Early 20th century was the Ottoman Empire, which was declining from 1700s-1923 when it was officially ended. However, the Qajjar and Safavid Empires had also been in decline during the same period in Iran.
first there was elkholafa al rashedin The Patriarchal CaliphsthenUmayyadthenAbbasidsthenMamlukisthenOttomans