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During the Mesozoic era, which spanned from about 252 to 66 million years ago, the hydrosphere was characterized by warm, shallow seas that covered large portions of the continents. These marine environments supported diverse ecosystems, including abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and corals. Sea levels fluctuated due to tectonic activity and climate changes, resulting in the formation of extensive shallow continental shelves. The warm climate contributed to the proliferation of marine life and the development of rich sedimentary deposits.

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