Versailles
The setting is in France, most of the latter part of the book takes place in Paris.
As of January 1, 2012, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the "Mormon" church) reported 36,403 baptized members in France. The population of France was reported in 2011 to be 65,436,552. This means 0.05% of the population of France is Mormon, and 0.25% of all Mormons live in France.
These are two interrelated things. Society is usually governed by it's Religion, norms and culture. So the latter affects each other.
No. The former is in France, the latter in Rome (Vatican City to be precise)
The 1559 Treaty of Cateau, to which you are likely referring, marked the end of a 65-year conflict between Spain and France (and, by extension, England, which supported France during the latter years). While there were several minor points of conflict during the 65 years leading up to this treaty, the major struggle was for control of Italy. The treaty established Spain as the victor in this struggle. The treaty's name was drawn from Cateau-Cambrésis, the town in northern France where it was signed.
The war split the kingdoms of France and England forever, with the latter never again staking a claim to the French throne.
Britain and France had a treaty pledge to assist Poland if its independce was threatened by military force, so France (along with Britain) went to war against Germany when the latter invaded Poland in 1939.
For a while it did because they provided men-at-arms for the army and, for poorer yeoman, archers but the latter dwindled during throughout the war with the development of guns and battle tactics
dans quelle région de France est-ce que tu vis, dans quelle région de France vis-tu (the latter more correct but rarely used)
Homosexuality was looked down on. But I'm not sure if this answers your question.
It is part of an annual ring of wood, formed during the latter part of the growing season
That depends a lot of who you mean with "her majesty". Several countries still have monarchies, which are either governed by a queen, or by a king - but in the latter case, the king's wife (should he have one) would also be called "her majesty".