The Southern Kingdom of Judah fell to Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar in 587 B.C.E. In July 587 B.C.E., the Babylonians broke through the walls of Jerusalem and one month later they burned down the Temple.
Many scholars have dated the capturing of the southern kingdom of Judah to circa 586 BC.
According to traditional chronology, this happened in 422 BCE.
Judah, Jerusalem
The fall of the Northern Kingdom (Israel) occurred in 722 BC when the Assyrians conquered it. The fall of the Southern Kingdom (Judah) occurred in 586 BC when the Babylonians conquered it. Therefore, there are approximately 136 years between the fall of the Northern and Southern Kingdoms.
In 586 BC, Babylon took the southern kingdom (Judah) into captivity.
How: By military invasion and conquest. The Assyrians overthrew Israel; the Babylonians conquered Judah. When: Israel, 722 BC; Judah, in three invasions between 605 and 586 BC. Why: As punishment for all manner of disobedience to God.
The bible records the first to fully conquer and enslave the Southern Kingdom of Judah was the Babylonian Empire in circa 586 BC.
Some have dated the 3 successive invasions of Judah by Babylon to be during the period of 604-586 BC. A more traditional starting year has been 597 BC.
Rome was not an Empire a that period in time, therefore there was no Emperor.In 586 BC Rome was ruled by King Tarquin I (Lucius Tarquinius Priscus)
Lamentations was set during 586 BC, and finished at about 607 BC.
The Babylonians captured southern Israel around 586 BC during the Siege of Jerusalem led by King Nebuchadnezzar II. This event marked the destruction of the First Temple and the exile of many Israelites to Babylon.
Southern Kingdom (Kingdom of Israel). It is not exactly known where Daniel was born but you can assume that he was born in the locality near Jerusalem (Kingdom of Israel). Daniel was taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon when King Nebuchadnezzar besieged Jerusalem in 587 BC. Daniel was taken captive prior to the fall of Jerusalem 606 BC. At that time there were two kingdoms of Israelites and they were the Kingdoms of Judah (around Jerusalem) and the Kingdom Israel (the northern area of Israel). The end of the Northern Kingdom (Kingdom of Judah) came in 721 BC. Therefore Daniel had to come from the southern kingdom (Kingdom of Israel).
605 BCE
The three kingdoms of Egypt were actually time periods so they weren't ever unified. The first kingdom was the Old Kingdom which lasted from 2700 BC - 2200 BC. The second kingdom was the Middle Kingdom which lasted from 2100 BC - 1800 BC. The third kingdom was the New Kingdom which lasted from 1500 BC - 1000 BC.
The split between Israel and Judah occurred around 930 BCE after the death of King Solomon, following a succession crisis. Israel fell to the Assyrians in 722 BCE and Judah later to the Babylonians in 586 BCE.