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Kepler came up with a new theory for the movements of the planets, published in 1609. It had the Sun at the centre, like Copernicus's theory of 1543, but in all other respects it was completely novel.

Kepler's innovative idea, arrived at after lengthy laborious geometrical calculations from new observations made by Tycho Brahe, was that the planets move in ellipses, and he produced three laws of planetary motion that have been found to describe the planets' behaviour very closely.

Kepler's laws are descriptive and he had no idea of why they are valid, but Newton's theory published in 1687 showed how the inverse-square law of gravity forces the planets to move in elliptical orbits according to Kepler's three laws.

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