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A serf was a peasant, or farmer, who was "bound to the soil." He was not legally permitted to move off the manor on which he lived. The binding went both ways, however, and was rather more like a contract than like bondage. He could not break the attachment without the consent of the lord, but the lord could not break it without agreement of the serf.

A serf had a right to live on the manor, and could not legally be evicted without cause.

A serf had a right to farm land according to local custom. This usually meant that he farmed the lord's land one or two days each week, farmed common land a couple of days each week, and had one or two days to farm land assigned to him and his family for their private use.

A serf had a right to protection from trouble. This protection was for times of war, social unrest, banditry, and famine. Theoretically, if the serfs could not provide for themselves, their lord had to provide for them.

Aside from obligations, which had to be fulfilled according to supervision, a serf was pretty much free.

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