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There were three specific threats from gunpowder in the 15th century.

One was the traditional use of gunpowder to power cannons, which could be used to batter the walls or gates of castles. Cannons could also be used effectively against troops in the field, if they could be caught lined up, as they might be on a road, because a cannon ball is so heavy it can travel for over a mile, bouncing down a road, tearing pieces off any poor soldier it might hit on the way, so a lucky cannon shot could cause dozens of casualties.

Another use that was a bit newer in the 15th century was for hand cannons, which were small enough to be held by an individual and fired at enemy troops. The hand cannons were inexpensive to build, required almost no training, but could defeat armor. This made hand cannons more appealing to many countries than archers equipped with longbows, because the archers had to practice for years to become really good. The hand cannons evolved into muskets, which were prevalent by the 16th century.

Yet another use of gunpowder was to provide explosive force for mines and bombs. The petard, which is classified as artillery, was actually a bomb on a stick, which was placed against a castle door and used to blow the door down. But also, buy when a mine was dug under a wall, the use of gunpowder made it possible to use the mine to blow up the wall, rather than destroying it more slowly, for example, with a fire.

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Q: What were the threats of gunpowder in the 15th century?
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