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If you have an O2 sensor, your O2 sensor will not read exhaust gases properly which may cause the ECU to make the engine run rich. Yes. Holes close to the engine in the headers may also cause unburned fuel to ignite in the headers causing backfiring.
Check operation of exhaust "heat riser" valve. Also check exhaust header gasket for leaks. Heat riser should be near the exhaust header, in exhaust pipe connection.
Exhaust of an engine is a gas.
The 4-2-1 header or tri-y header is a better design. The design improves exhaust flow. They provide better flow by combining the exhaust gases slowly and in two parts which helps with scavaging. An engine is a big air pump the faster the air goes in and out, improves performance.They can however cause clearance issues in tight engine bays. so be carful and research before you buy!
No, that's kind of an old wive's tale anyway! The valve material is too good now.
It won't cause over heating.....but it can go bad and send a signal that the engine is over heating when it is not.
Exhaust leaks close to the engine.
Yes, a prolonged exhaust leak will eventually cause problems with your cylinder head. The leaking exhaust is very hot and you can cause small cracks in the head if you don't repair the problem promptly. If you can hear the exhaust leaking, it may already be too late! Get it checked out soon!
Moisture in the exhaust, or a cold running engine.
It could.
It could.
Not sure what "suck a valve" means, but running an engine with no exhaust could easily cause the exhaust valves to get hot enough to melt. Exhaust valves get very hot and if you just shut off the engine with no exhaust manifold in place the cold air can cause an exhaust valve to warp, then,next time you run the engine it will not seat properly.Many people don't understand and assume that if ANY part of the exhaust system is missing you can warp a valve but that fear is just the result of failing to understand the root cause of the problem. On the other hand, a lean burning engine can overheat the valves to the point that the metal can become soft.