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That would be the network card or modem.
You should suspect problems with the local network if the users are having similar problems, but they are located in different places. The network would be common to them and therefore the source of their problem.
Telnet can be used to get into certain routers and other devices in the network. This will aid in the troubleshooting process because the devices support that protocol but it should be noted that it is a very insecure protocol and should never be used from outside the network to the inside of the network.
A group of computers and devices interface and communicate with each other. These devices are constantly sending and receiving data from each other. Depending on which type of network you are referring to, there are different guidelines the devices must adhere to. For more information on the specifics of different networks, I would recommend checking out Wikipedia (wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network)
An example would be a SSP (SuperSandPorpoise)
If I am reading your question correctly, I would imagine it is because the computer is not on the same network... **The computer has an invalid default gateway address**
network
over the network
That would depend on the network topology chosen and the type of network connectivity devices employed. In a properly constructed, switched and/or routed network the answer would be NO. If hubs or repeaters are used to connect devices and/or network segments, then yes. In a bus or ring topology, the answer is yes. Whether anything is done with the frame is a different matter and depends on whether you consider the network adaptor to be integral to the computer.
Topology is the actual layout of the network, for instance, where the routers and other devices are located. That would be the networks topology.
raised floors network monitoring station data storage devices
CSMA tries to determine whether the network is already in use by another system before attempting to transmit (multiple access). It is a contention based technique; devices contend with each other to use the network. So if a device is already transmitting the other device will wait.If devices were to randomly attempt to transmit without listening first there would be more collisions between devices, which would lead to lower throughput of data through the network.