political questions
Aside from the US Supreme Court, the other courts in the Judicial Branch are:US District Courts (trial courts)US Court of International Trade (trial)US Court of Appeals Circuit Courts (intermediate appellate courts)There are many other federal courts outside the Judicial Branch.
Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life. They cannot have their membership on the Supreme Court revoke. This prevents politicians from being able to blackmail Supreme Court Justices by threatening to fire them. This helps ensure that Justices will not be pressured from outside forces. Supreme Court Justices keep their position until they retire or die.
Judicial ReviewThe Supreme Court's ability to analyze Acts of Congress (Legislative branch) and Presidential actions or Executive Orders in terms of their constitutionality is called "judicial review." If the Court decides law or order under review unconstitutional, it will be nullified and rendered unenforceable.It is important to note that the Supreme Court can not initiate investigations into Congress or the President, but must wait for someone to petition an appropriate case or controversy directly related to a particular law or order before the Court can evaluate it and take action.Judicial review is part of the system of checks and balances the three branches use to prevent each other from becoming too powerful.The Supreme Court set precedent for this interpretation in their ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison, (1803), when the Justices concluded Section 13 of the Judicial Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. Congress had granted the Supreme Court original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus (an order compelling an official to take action) to government officials, an action Chief Justice John Marshall claimed was unconstitutional because it was outside the scope of authority the Constitution allowed the Supreme Court (the validity of Marshall's argument is debatable).For more information, see Related Questions, below.
It is an extremely complex act to discuss, but without going into an entire semester of a law school class, the simple answer is that it established the entire Federal judicial system outside of the Supreme Court.
One example of judicial restraint is Gibbons vs. Ogden. In this case, the Supreme Court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. This is seen to be an example of judicial restraint because it restrained its power within congress to regulate interstate commerce and they were not exercising their power outside of any law or ruling. They found no violation in the Constitution from this case.
Its the Judicial Branch.
Ever hear the term "checks and balances"? One of the checks (limits) on the power of the President is that he cannot do what you describe. This means that once appointed the members of the Supreme Court can consider laws and cases without outside influence.
Their actions and reactions to outside stimuli.
Members of the Supreme Court police. The Marshal of the Court sits inside the courtroom.
an out-of-court settlement
The question is somehwat vague. The term "extrajudicial" COULD refer to matters handled or disposed of in an orderly and legal fashion, but handled outside the formal rules of the established judicial system.
Supreme court justices are appointed by the executive branch and are approved by the judicial branchIf the Supreme court declares a law unconstitutionally, the legislative branch can then pass (and the executive branch can sign ) a law that is worded in a way that is constitutional.The constitution can be amended to get around a Supreme Court ruling that a law is unconstitutional. For example, when Congress first passed a law implementing an income tax, the supreme court struck it down as unconstitutional. There ratification of the Sixteenth amendment in 1913, however, made such a tax clearly constitutional.hdfaljdfnajfalsk jlfad