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Refraction
when a light ray passes from one medium to another at an angle
refraction
The bending of a light wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
Since the angle of incidence is 0, there is no chance of refraction and so the angle of refraction too becomes 0.
Refraction
It is always refracted, but at an angle so that it goes back into the original medium. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. The angle that this occurs at is called the critical angle.
when a light ray passes from one medium to another at an angle
refraction
It depends on (a) the angle of incidence, and (b) the relative refractive indices of the slabs as well as the medium on either side of them and between them.
Refraction.
The bending of a light wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
If by "straight on" you mean at 90 degrees to the surface of the medium, that is because light is only deviated if it makes an angle with the normal, which is an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the medium. If no angle is made between the normal line and the light ray, then no refraction occurs and the light passes through in a straight line. For more information see the related link below.
Total internal reflection can happen only when a beam of light travelling through a dense medium crosses the interface with a rarer medium. For example, through a glass piece to air. When such a beam reaches an interface it makes an angle (called the angle of incidence) with the perpendicular at that point. When the beam exits the interface into the rarer medium. it makes a larger angle(called the angle of refraction) with the same perpendicular. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction. There is one value of the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees and the emerging ray is tangential to the interface. This is called the critical angle. For all angles of incidence greater than the critical angle the incident ray will not emerge into the rarer medium at all. In stead it gets reflected back into the denser medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. Rainbows are a result of this phenomenon.
Total internal reflection can happen only when a beam of light travelling through a dense medium crosses the interface with a rarer medium. For example, through a glass piece to air. When such a beam reaches an interface it makes an angle (called the angle of incidence) with the perpendicular at that point. When the beam exits the interface into the rarer medium. it makes a larger angle(called the angle of refraction) with the same perpendicular. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction. There is one value of the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees and the emerging ray is tangential to the interface. This is called the critical angle. For all angles of incidence greater than the critical angle the incident ray will not emerge into the rarer medium at all. In stead it gets reflected back into the denser medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. Rainbows are a result of this phenomenon.
Since the angle of incidence is 0, there is no chance of refraction and so the angle of refraction too becomes 0.
There is no 'wrong angle' - it either passes through the prism or it doesn't. The blue or violet waves will be the most diffracted.