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Prior to the Babylonian exile, Jews worshiped in the Temple and in the privacy of their homes. At the time of the exile (from 586 BCE), when most of Israel was physically separated from the Temple, Jews needed a new institution to gather them together for prayer and worship. Thus arose the Synagogue (literally "gathering") to bring Israel together around the reading and teaching of the Torah. When the Temple is rebuilt after the return (from 538 BCE), the exiles bring the new institution of the Synagogue with them, and the two institutions exist side by side until the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.
Jewish answer:
The above answer seems based upon a common misconception. Jews always worshiped in synagogues, even when the First Temple stood. Even within the Temple premises, there were several synagogues. During the Second Temple era, ancient Greek authors attest to the large synagogues that stood in all the countries where Jews lived. The Dioploston in Alexandria, for example, was famous for its size (Talmud, Tosefta Sukkah 4:6). In First Temple times also, synagogues served the same function that they do today (Talmud, Megillah 26b and Berakhot 31a).
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