If the data is copyright protected, the copyright holder has the right to control how the data is distributed. If the person who originally viewed the archived data went to a source that was authorized to share the data there is no problem. If the source was not not granted permission to share it, the person viewing it is probably not guilty of much (unless it can be shown that they did something illegal in order to access he source). Being granted permission to view the data does not grant the right to send it to someone else. That permission must be sought from the copyright holder. Think of it like buying and reading a book. If you buy the book, you have permission to read it. You can even give the book to someone else - but if you copy the book and send it to someone you have now violated the copyright.
Digital piracy is when someone downloads something that is protected by copyright.
That phrase could mean several things. It could refer to a letter that is protected by copyright, or a letter allowing use of someone's copyright (i.e., a license).
An invention or idea cannot be protected by copyright, only by patent. The content of a description of an invention cannot be protected by patent, only by copyright. Printed matter recorded on a CD cannot be protected by patent, only by copyright. The way printed matter FUNCTIONS on a CD can be protected by patent but not copyright. The way the same material can be USED can be protected by copyright AND patent. You cannot patent or copyright something that was copied from someone else's work. So the answer would depend upon what aspect of CDs you're referring to.
Short phrases such as titles cannot be protected by copyright.
Ideas cannot be protected by copyright. If your idea is a new process, you may wish to seek patent protection for it.
Websites are protected by copyright, so you would need permission from the copyright holder or an exemption in the law to use someone else's web content.
Publicly presenting someone else's protected speech (including, say, performing a monologue from a play) without permission would be infringing. A speech, as spoken, cannot be protected by copyright because it isn't fixed; it can be protected if it's recorded or written down.
Signatories to the Berne Convention (which includes the United States) cannot require formalities. Before Berne, works were only protected if they were published with a copyright symbol and registered with the Copyright Office; since Berne, works are automatically protected as soon as they are "fixed." If you wish to use materials created by someone else, even if they are not marked, you need their permission.
It depends on the circumstances of who took them, when. Your official photo, for example, is not protected by copyright, because it is a work of the federal government. Other photos taken by military photographers, such as are found on DVIDS, are also not protected. Snapshots, on the other hand, taken by someone whose official duties do not include photography, would be protected.
Copyright text is basically anything that someone else has written. You cannot use copyright text unless the owner has given you permission.
Because recipes are not protected by copyright (and would not need to be registered even if they were), there's no way to tell.
Works of sufficient originality are automatically protected by copyright as soon as they are fixed in a tangible medium. Virtually everything you encounter online is protected, unless specifically noted otherwise.Unfortunately, this does not actually prevent others from using the work; it only gives the creator legal recourse if they do.