A rising convection current.
Convection
Convection
Convection
Convection
I believe that is convection.
Convection
This movement is an example of convection. As the mantle is heated from below, warmer, less dense material rises toward the crust, while cooler, denser material sinks back down. This convection process drives plate tectonics and influences the movement of Earth's lithosphere.
When the heated part of the mantle rises through the Earth's crust, it can create volcanic activity as magma reaches the surface. This process is known as mantle convection and is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of volcanic hotspots.
When the heat from the mantle rises through the cooler layers of the Earth's crust, this process is known as mantle convection. This movement occurs due to the heat from the Earth's core, causing hotter, less dense material to rise while cooler, denser material sinks. This convection process plays a crucial role in plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates on the Earth's surface.
The heating of Earth through convection occurs in the mantle, where the heat from the core causes the molten rock to circulate in convection currents. As the hot material rises and the cooler material sinks, it creates a continuous cycle of heat transfer, which ultimately warms the Earth's surface through the process of convection.
The lower mantle is generally cooler than the surrounding upper mantle due to its greater depth and pressure. This cooler rock can become denser, which may lead to slower convection currents. Over geological time, it can also be subjected to processes like subduction, where it may descend into the mantle and eventually recycle into the mantle's interior.
The mantle is hotter than the crust.