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It depends on the design of the engine. Some engines are called "interference engines," which means that the way the combustion chambers are designed in that particular engine, if the valves happen to be open when the piston reaches that top of it's stroke, they would collide resulting in severe engine damage. The reason such engines are designed that way is to get the most performance out of the engine because the design makes it possible to have a smaller combustion chamber, thus higher compression. A "non-interference engine" has more space in the combustion chamber and the valves are recessed so that even if the valve happens to be open when the piston reaches the top of it's stroke, the two will not collide. If an engine is running in time, valves and pistons will never collide no matter what type of engine you have and as long as the timing belt does not break. However, when the timing belt breaks, there is nothing to keep the camshaft and the crankshaft running in time with each other. To find out if your engine would have been damaged by a broken timing belt, ask a technician if your's is an interference engine or a non-interference engine. Sometimes even the parts dealers know this information on some engines.

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