When were the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption of Mary defined by the Church?

Answer 1

A:

The Immaculate Conception and the Assumption of Mary are the only two dogmas generally believed to have been defined under the papal infallibility taught and declared in 1870 by the First Vatican Council , in Pastor Aeternalis (chapter 6):

"9. Therefore, faithfully adhering to the tradition received from the beginning of the christian faith, to the glory of God our savior, for the exaltation of the Catholic religion and for the salvation of the christian people, with the approval of the Sacred Council, we teach and define as a divinely revealed dogma that when the Roman Pontiff speaks EX CATHEDRA, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. Therefore, such definitions of the Roman Pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the Church, irreformable."

Some years earlier, in anticipation of the declaration of the infallibility of the pope and after consultation with Catholic bishops, Pius IX defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary (Ineffabilis Deus, 1854): "We declare, pronounce and define that the doctrine which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the first instant of her conception, by a singular privilege and grace of the Omnipotent God, in virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of mankind, was preserved immaculate from all stain of original sin, has been revealed by God, and therefore should firmly and constantly be believed by all the faithful."

In chapter 4 of Pastor Aeternalis the council appears to have limited the infallibility of the pope to jealously guarding and explaining what was handed down through the apostles, and not the ability to disclose a new doctrine by revelation:

"6. For the Holy Spirit was promised to the successors of Peter not so that they might, by his revelation, make known some new doctrine, but that, by his assistance, they might religiously guard and faithfully expound the revelation or deposit of faith transmitted by the apostles."

The pope's pronouncement on the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary was certainly not handed down through the apostles, so even if the pope is indeed infallible on certain matters Bishop Geoffrey Robinson (Confronting Power and Sex in the Catholic Church) believes this clause means that the pope was assuming an infallibility he did not have in this case.

In 1950, Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Munificentissimus Deus): "By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory." Although the Assumption of Mary has been the subject of speculations since at least the fourth century, there is no suggestion that this dogma was transmitted by the apostles, so once again Bishop Robinson doubts its infallibility.