usually outside the nuclues... circling it
They usually achieve "Noble Gas" configuration
Electrons. Usually a pair of electrons of opposite spin
There are not usually an equal number.
In the ground state, it has 82 electrons. It usually only shares two of those electrons into an ionic bond.
Metals will LOSE electrons to become stable.
Charge is usually transferred by electrons because electrons are the negatively charged particles within an atom that are easily able to move from one atom to another, allowing for the transfer of electrical charge.
Innermost electrons are located closer to the nucleus of an atom, in energy levels closest to the nucleus. These electrons have lower energy and are usually referred to as core electrons.
20 protons, 20 electrons, and usually 20 neutrons
6
2 electrons orbit in the outer shell. If its a neutral atom, then it will have the same number of electrons as protons. Magnesium has 12 protons and 12 electrons.
Yes, nonmetals can gain electrons to fill their valence shells. By doing so, they can achieve a stable electron configuration, usually by reaching a full outer shell of electrons (usually 8 electrons, except for hydrogen and helium which only need 2 electrons).
Positive ions usually form from elements that have few electrons in their outer shell. These elements tend to lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, resulting in a positively charged ion.