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Where can you get information on the 80th Chemical Mortar BN in World War 2?
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
Infantrymen absolutely LOVED to have these Chemical Mortars where they could call of them for fire. Their weapon was a 4.2 inch (107mm) mortar, which could fire not only gas shells, but smoke, incendiary and what the infantry loved, high-explosive shells. Very effective against stationary targets. The guys in these mortar battalions were often called "four-deucers" because of the 4.2 inch size of their shells. (This is the diameter of their shells).
There are a few details at http://4point2.org about the 80th Chemical Mortar Bn.
There's a decent wikipedia article on Chemical Mortars but no specifics on the 80th C. M. Bn.
The 80th C. M. Bn was in the Pacific, and it appears that at least Company A of the Battalion was attached for a time to the Americal Division ( which is actually the 23rd Infantry Division).
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∙ 14y ago
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What were the US Army divisions that fought in 1944 in Europe?
General George C. Marshall became Chief of Staff of the US Army on September 3, 1939, two days after Nazi tanks rolled into Poland. Marshall immediately began to try to modernize the US Army and prepare for the probable US involvement in the war. This was going to require the creation of a much larger force than the US had ever fielded. No one knew what such a force should look like nor how it should be structured. Marshall called on Colonel Leslie McNair to produce, within days, the plan which became the blueprint for the US Army in WWII. McNair's initial plan called for 200 divisions, but this was later pared back to ninety. As it turned out this "ninety division gamble" was barely enough to wage a world war. For the war, the US fielded about 65 infantry divisions, 16 armored divisions, 6 airborne divisions, two cavalry divisions, and one mountain division. About fifteen US Army divisions fought in the Pacific, as well as all six divisions of US Marines. In 1944 the US 5th Army was in Italy. It included the US II Corps and IV Corps. Divisions assigned included the 34th, 85th (arrived April 1945), 88th, and 91st and 92nd Infantry Divisions, the 10th Mountain Division (arrived February 1945) , and the 1st Armored Division. The VI Corps was withdrawn from the 5th US Army after Rome was captured and became the nucleus of the US 7th Army, which made the Operation Dragoon, "second D-Day" landings on the Mediterranean French coast August 15, 1944. Divisions assigned included the 3rd, 36th and 45th Infantry Divisions. The US 1st Army made the Normandy landings on June 6, 1944 with the V and VII Corps. Divisions in the initial landings were the 1st, 4th and 29th infantry divisions. About two months later the 3rd Army was activated, and the 9th Army sometime after that. The 15th US Army was eventually activated in Europe as hostilities were coming to a close. From north to south the US armies in line were the 9th, 1st, 3rd and 7th. Corps were sometimes changed from army to army, and divisions from corps to corps. Corps HQs which operated in France, in addition to the V, VI, and VII, included III, VIII, XII, XIII, XV, XVI, XVIII Airborne, XIX, XX and XXI. The average strength in a Corps was three infantry divisions and one armored division, plus additional "independent battalions" (see below). In addition to the three infantry divisions of the Overlord landings and the three of the Dragoon landings, the following infantry divisions also operated in France: 2nd, 5th, 8th, 9th, 11th, 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 35th, 42nd, 44th, 63rd, 65th, 66th, 70th, 71st, 75th, 76th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 83rd, 84th, 86th, 87th, 89th, 90th, 94th, 95th, 97th, 99th, 100th, 102nd, 103rd, 104th, and 106th. Some of these did not arrive in theater until 1945. Airborne divisions serving in France included the 13th, 17th, 82nd and 101st. Armored divisions in France included the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th and 20th. Additionally, the Army created a large number of "independent" battalions - sometimes called "bastard battalions" (no parent unit), which were independent because they were not an official part of any larger formation. These troops were assigned to a corps or army HQ to be shifted around as needed, so they were sometimes also called "corps troops" or "army troops". These battalions were artillery (of various caliber), tank, tank destroyer, engineer, signals, at least one parachute, and others. In practice many tank battalions were more or less permanently "attached" to an infantry division.
What did the Native Americans did during the Civil War?
Most Native Americans had little love for the United States. Many tribes were in Oklahoma, which was called at the time the "Indian Territories". Most of these sided with the Confederacy, and some organized units of Native Americans fought on the Confederate side. There was actually a Civil War within the Civil War, between the Cherokees over which side to cast in with. Stand Waite of the Cherokee Nation was a Brigadier General in the Confederate service and commanded a brigade of Cherokees serving the south.East of the Mississippi the only organized units of Native Americans to take part were several companies fighting for the Confederacy as part of "Thomas' Legion of Indians and Highlanders". William H. Thomas was the "White Chief of the Cherokees". He was a lawyer and it was through his intercession that the "Eastern Band" of Cherokees had been permitted to remain in western North Carolina at the time of the Removal in the 1830s. Thomas was a kinsman by marriage of Jefferson Davis (by Davis' first wife) and obtained permission from Davis to raise a Legion in which his beloved Cherokees could serve, when the Confederacy initiated a draft law. Thomas knew the Cherokees would have to serve, with this new law, and this was his method of trying to control what happened to them. A "Legion" was an idea ahead of its time, supposed to contain infantry, cavalry and artillery - an early concept of combined arms. There were maybe a dozen or so all together formed for the Confederacy, and Thomas' was the last one. They did not fit in well with other units when they were joined with a larger army. In many histories the Legion is the 69th NC and the 80th NC, but they never had these titles during the war - they were "The Legion" and "Walker's Battalion" of the Legion. All together there were about twenty companies and four of these were completely Cherokees. The Legion saw service in east Tennessee and western North Carolina.In the spring of 1862 the Legion was in east Tennessee, a region infested with "Tories" (Unionists). They were chasing some on a mountain and a small skirmish was fought. The Indians charged and in leading this charge a beloved Cherokee lieutenant was killed. If memory serves he was Astooga Stoga. It was through his efforts that the Bible had been translated into Cherokee. Writing long after the war the historian of the Legion said that "before they could be restrained" the Cherokees scalped several of the wounded Unionists, "for which ample apology was made at the time". Thomas' Legion was one of the last units in the east to lay down its arms, but never surrendered. After putting quite a scare into Union troops in Waynesville NC over the night of May 9-10, 1865, the Legion simply went home.No doubt there were a great many other individual Native Americans who fought on both sides as members of regular units.The US Army was withdrawn from the forts of the Great Plains when the war began and moved to the east. The Sioux took advantage of this to stage a campaign during the Army's absence, loosely depicted in the movie "Dances With Wolves".One of U. S. Grant's aides was a full blooded Seneca, Colonel Eli Parker. He was present at Appomattox when Lee surrendered. After signing the surrender documents Lee was leaving the room when he noticed Parker. Lee stopped and shook his hand, saying "I am glad to see the original Americans represented here."
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