Roncevaux Pass was the pass used by armies and invaders in the Basque Pyreness
----------------------- Jerusalem was holy to Muslims, as well as to Christians and Jews, so to give up Jerusalem would have meant denying Muslims the opportunity to perform pilgrimages to Jerusalem, since Christian rulers never accepted Muslim rights. Contrary to modern opinion, the Arabic empire was not at that time entirely Muslim, but included a very substantial proportion of Christians and Jews, although the ruling classes were Muslim. Generally, Christians and Jews were permitted to visit Jerusalem without hindrance. To have given up Jerusalem would also have provided the crusading armies a well fortified base from which to attack the Arab empire. Even the cities that remained in Christian hands provided bases for attacks until the Christian armies were finally driven from the Holy Land, but Jerusalem was more easily defended, and would extend the reach of the Christian armies right into the heart of the Arabian empire.
Beginning in the eleventh century the Christian Crusades began to save the Holy Land from Islamic forces. Until the middle of the 13th century, the Pope and monarchs of Europe led Christian armies to keep Jerusalem safe from from Muslim armies. Whatever successes the Crusaders accomplished would however not be long lived.
Magyars, Muslim armies, and Vikings
The Shang warlords are military leaders who command their own armies. They defended the kingdoms borders from invaders.
France
France
Saladin led the Muslim armies in their opposition to the Christian Crusaders.
Roncevaux Pass was the pass used by armies and invaders in the Basque Pyreness
Under Papal wishes, the Kings of many Western European nations went/sent armies to 'regain' the Holy Land from the Muslim invaders.
According to some Islamic traditions, the people of Axum offered shelter to the family of the Muslim prophet Muhammad during his exile from Mecca from 622 to 630 CE. For this reason, Axum was left untouched while Muslim armies conquered the surrounding areas.
The Sahara Desert stood as a powerful border for Muslim armies for several centuries.
----------------------- Jerusalem was holy to Muslims, as well as to Christians and Jews, so to give up Jerusalem would have meant denying Muslims the opportunity to perform pilgrimages to Jerusalem, since Christian rulers never accepted Muslim rights. Contrary to modern opinion, the Arabic empire was not at that time entirely Muslim, but included a very substantial proportion of Christians and Jews, although the ruling classes were Muslim. Generally, Christians and Jews were permitted to visit Jerusalem without hindrance. To have given up Jerusalem would also have provided the crusading armies a well fortified base from which to attack the Arab empire. Even the cities that remained in Christian hands provided bases for attacks until the Christian armies were finally driven from the Holy Land, but Jerusalem was more easily defended, and would extend the reach of the Christian armies right into the heart of the Arabian empire.
Fierce warriors called the Magyars swept into Europe from the east, attacking towns and destroying fields. From Scandinavia came perhaps the most frightening invaders of all, the Vikings. Europeans lived in terror of the Viking raids. Also Muslim armies poured into southern France and northern Italy.
This is the following outside groups that affected India's history: -1500 B.C. Indo Aryans-1000 A.D. Muslim armies-1500s Invaders from central Asia.-1600s BritishHope this will help. :)
The Muslim defenders soundly defeated the Christian crusaders who were attempting to capture Damascus. The crusaders returned to their homelands with the remnants of their armies, and that was the end of the Second Crusade.
Saladin