Adobe's Photoshop for Macs is available from any software retailer. You can download a trial version directly from Adobe. (See links below)
No - it's the same price for Macs as well as PC's. However, the free trial download of Photoshop direct from Adobe is no cost for either (see related links below)
Adobe is the program owner while the photoshop is the program that runs on any computer it is loaded on, including iMac & MacBooks.
Adobe produces separate versions of Photoshop for the Mac OS X and Windows operating systems. The Mac version works on Macs using Mac OS X and the Windows version works on Macs that are running Windows. (see links below)
Macs, with Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Indesign, and Adobe Photoshop installed.
Not really, iPhoto is more for sorting your photos but you can perform simple edits on pictures, for example removing red-eye and cropping. You can still buy Photoshop for Macs, though.
Macs come with iPhoto. You can add Apple's own Aperture or Adobe's Lightroom or any of a number of others. There is also a range of editing software from Photoshop to Pixelmator available for Macs. Also try Tonality and Noiseless - great suggestions for mac
Gimp is a free image editor that can make animated .gif files just like Photoshop, which is a professional grade (and expensive) image editor program.
Much like PC's when you purchase them, Macs do not come with software that is not designed by the maker of the computer installed unless a special request is made. Adobe PhotoShop does not come pre-installed in MacBook Pro's, mainly because of the cost factor involved. Adobe PhotoShop is rather expensive for most home users and having it installed in machines that will be distributed to regular users as well is not a suitable option as having it installed will bump up the price. I suggest you purchase PhotoShop separately and install it onto your MacBook Pro, purchasing it in the box is also better because it will come with printed instructions and a CD-ROM that you can use to install it again if you restore your laptop.
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iPhoto, part of iLife, comes preinstalled on current Macs. It is capable of pretty advanced editing, and organizes your photo library. If you need the features of Adobe's Photoshop software you need to purchase and install a copy on your Mac.
Macs are made in China and assembled in the US (California).