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When was Tiiu Nurmberg born?
Tiiu Nurmberg was born in 1982.
Where did Germany find the money to build its army?
Hitler took money from the Jews. He stole billions from them. A lot of their money and valuables he put in Switzerland. So he begged, borrowed and stole from the countries he invaded and from his own people.________The Nazi's didn't use confiscated money or money from invaded countries to begin rearmament. That came later, although the Nazis were indeed confiscating Jewish property early in the Nazi era. This would not have raised nearly the amount of money needed for a full scale rearming.It is illogical for Hitler to use money from countries he invaded, because he didn't have an army to invade with in the early '30's.Hitler used a variety of means. One of the most successful was the use of Mefo bills. Mefo was a short version for Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft. They were the brainchild of the Minister of Finance, Hjalmar Schacht, in 1934.It gets a bit complicated. So be patient.Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was not allowed to rebuild it's army. To get around this Hitler and his government used all sorts of dodgy means and cloak and dagger tricks to begin the build up.In order to do this, Germany needed huge amounts of money - soldiers had to be paid, technology investigated, weapons built. The money had to be raised and spent in such a way the the Allies would not notice. In other words, no trail leading to where the money came from and went to could be left.Schact created a shell company, or a fake company called Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft (Mefo from now on) to act as a way of getting money to buy weapons. Mefo didn't do anything - it was a fake. The government created what were called Mefo bills - they were bills or credit notes that charged a 4% interest and sold to armament companies who could then redeem them for proper German currency.So Mefo paid the weapons manufacturers with Mefo bills, who then turned around and traded the Mefo bills in for real money. But since Mefo was owned by the government (but this was a state secret), the government was paying for the rearmament. And again, since Mefo was the government, the Nazis were getting a steady supply of weapons.The existence of Mefo was so well hidden, no one outside the Nazi ruling circle knew it existed until after WW2. It was the primary means of rearming from 1935 to 1939. It's not known how many Mefo bills were issued.Oddly enough, Schact was later removed from his job as Minister. He disagreed with many of the Nazi policies and became involved in an anti-Hitler group prior to the war. After a failed attempt on Hitler's life in 1944 (not by Schact) he, along with many others who were suspected of being anti-Nazi was arrested and inprisoned. Eventually he was sent to first Ravensbruck and then Flossburg and finally Dachau. He survived the war but was arrested by the Allies for his role in helping the Nazis rearm Germany. He was on trial at Nurmberg and was found innocent.
How do you write an essay about Man is a social animal?
Traditionally, there have been two answers to the problem of the relationship between the individual and his society. One is the social contract theory and the other is the organic theory, which we have already discussed in detail.According to the social contract theory, society is the result of an agreement or contract entered into by men who originally lived in a pre-social state. Thus society is made by man and he is more real than his creation. On the other hand, according to the organic theory, society is an organic. Just as the parts of an animal body are functionally related and none can exist isolated from the rest, similarly, the members of society are functionally related to each other and no one can exist without society.Hence, the society is more real than the individual is. The relationship between the individual and the society is not one sided as these two theories seem to indicate.Before we proceed to examine the true relationship between the individual and the society, we may just see in what sense man can be called a social animal. Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, says, "Man is a social animal. He who lives without society is either a beast or a God". Actually, man is by nature and necessity, a social animal, man cannot survive in the absence of society. Society is indispensable for human race. Professor Park says, "Man is not born human but to be made human". Human nature is the result of social interaction in a cultural milieu. Man can be called a social animal on the basis of three important grounds mentioned-below.1. Man is social by natureFirstly, man is a social animal by nature. The nature of human being is such that he cannot afford to live alone. No human being is normally developed in isolation. The essential qualities of human nature such as the capacity to acquire knowledge, to learn language, enquire and think; respect and regard, play, and work, help and the like are developed in society only. These capacities are revealed through social interaction. The human infant comes into the world as a biological organism with animal needs. He is gradually molded into a social being and learn social ways" of acting and feeling through the society. Mac Iver has cited three cases in which human infants were isolated from all social relationships to make experiments about man's social nature, it proves that man is a social animal by nature.(i) Case of Kaspar HauserKaspar Hauser, a young German boy was born in 1911. After his birth, due to the political conspiracy, he lived in isolation in the forest of Nurmberg until he reached the age of seventeen. He was brought out in 1928 and left in the German city. In his case it was found that at the age of seventeen he could hardly walk, had the mind of an infant and could mutter only a few meaningless phrases. He could not distinguish between inanimate objects and living beings. His brain development was found to be subnormal. Inspite of his subsequent education he could never make himself a normal man.(ii) Case of Amala and KamalaAmala and Kamala, two Hindu children in India were taken away by a she wolf. They were found in a wolf-den in 1920, Kamala was eight years old-when she was discovered her brother Amala was only two years old. The younger brother died within a few months of discovery. But Kamala survived until 1929. Here case history in human traits when she was discovered, she could walk only on all four legs like a wolf. She learned no language. She was growling like a wolf. She was shy of other human beings and afraid of them. It was only after careful and sympathetic training she could learn some rudimentary social habits. She had learnt some simple speeches, eating and dressing habits and the like. Kamala considered herself as the wolf's child. She lacked the sense of human selfhood when she was first found. But the sense of human selfhood gradually emerged. Thus, Mac Iver says that the emergence of her individuality was altogether dependent upon her membership in society.(iii) Case of AnnaAnna, an illegitimate child was born in a private nursing home in America. When only six months old, she was separated from all kinds of human contract and was kept confined in a room for a long period. She was discovered five years later in 1938 it was found that she could neither walk nor speak. She was completely indifferent to people around her. With the care of the human society, Anna became more active, smiling and cheerful. After a few months, it was found that Anna could hold an apple in her hand, and eat, drink liquid from the glass and eat with a spoon. Anna responded to careful treatment and she became humanized rapidly. Anna's case illustrates that human nature developed in man only when he is one of many men sharing a common life."The above cases prove that human being is social by nature. Human nature develops only when he lives in society, only when he shares his fellow being's common life. Thus no human being cannormally develop in isolation. '2. Necessity makes a man socialSecondly, man is a social animal by his necessity. Man lives in society because necessity compels him. Many of his needs will remain unsatisfied if he does not have the co-operation of his fellow beings. The fundamental needs of individuals such as food, clothing and shelters can be fulfilled only by living in society and co-operating with others. The child is brought up under the care of his parents and learns the first lessons of citizenship in their company. He is totally dependent upon the society for his survival For instance, if a new born baby does not receive protection by the society, he will not survive even a day. No one can become a human being unless he lives with society. Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of a man, the human society satisfies his desires, dreams and aspirations by the solid co-operation of his fellow beings. In society, man can easily fulfill his various needs such as education, protection, nature, comfort, opportunity, equipment and so on. The self-preservation desired by every human being, is a need which society alone fulfills. Therefore, it is not due to his nature alone but also due to his necessities, man lives in society and regarded as a social animal.3. Society determines human personalityLastly, man lives in society for his mental, psychological and intellectual development. Society both liberates and limits our potentialities as individual and moulds our attitudes, beliefs, morals and ideals. It preserves the culture, customs, folkways, mores, norms, values etc. and transmits it to succeeding generations. One of the important functions of society is to preserve the social heritage, which is intimately related to human beings. The social heritage helps his personality to develop in society. It is no doubt that the personality of an individual cannot develop at all in the absence of social heritage. Thus, society not only moulds and directs human personality but also determines the personality of the individuals. The personality, which is the total quality of individual's behavior, only develops in human society.From the foregoing discussion, it may be concluded that man is a social animal. Individual and society are interrelated and interdependent. Both are complementary and supplementary to each other. The relationship between the individual and the society is not one-sided, both are essential for the comprehension of either. In the words of Mac Iver "No one can really be an absolute individualist, any more than any one can be an absolute socialist, for the individual and the society interest one another and depend upon one another".
