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Which atoms form negative ions those with high electron affinity or low electron affinity?
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Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?
the covalent bonds in organic molecules are higher energy bonds than those in water and carbon dioxide.
Why the electron affinity of fluorine is less than that of chlorine?
Generally electron affinity goes up as you go from left to right across the Periodic Table, and decreases as you go down a column. However, fluorine is an exception -- and the element with the highest electron affinity is chlorine (note that the most electronegative element is fluorine however).The reason that the electron affinity is not as high as might otherwise be predicted for fluorine is that it is an extremely small atom, and so it's electron density is very high. Adding an additional electron is therefore not quite as favorable as for an element like chlorine where the electron density is slightly lower (due to electron-electron repulsion between the added electron and the other electrons in the electron cloud).Note that there are a number of other exceptions to the general rule of electron affinity increasing towards the upper right corner -- see the Related Questions links to the left for an explanation of some of those other exceptions.See also the Web Links to the left for more information about electron affinities and the fluorine-chlorine exception.
What group of elements give off the most energy when they gain an electrons?
Group 8A, the noble gases because they have high electron affinity.
Which group of metals is charterised by a single valence electron and very active atoms?
Those are the alkali metals.
Which atoms form a cation?
In general, the metal elements (those to the left of the periodic table) will form cations. This is because the atoms of those elements have less than half of the necessary electrons to fill their outermost or valence electron shell. In contrast, the non-metal elements (those to the right of the periodic table) will tend to form anions because they have more than half of the necessary electrons to fill their valence electron shell.
Atoms with many electron shells will let go of their electrons more easily than those with fewer shells.?
true
How do you read the electrostatic series?
The electrostatic series ranks elements in order of their ability to gain or lose electrons. The list shows which elements have a higher affinity for electrons (indicating electron gain) and which have a lower affinity (indicating electron loss). This ranking can help predict the direction of electron transfer in chemical reactions.
Why do atoms give us electricity?
Electrons can be made to move from one atom to another. When those electrons move between the atoms, a current of electricity is created. The electrons move from one atom to another in a "flow." One electron is attached and another electron is lost.
What is an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atoms chemical properties?
It is called a valence shell electron. The number of valence shell electrons atoms of an element have can be read off the Periodic Table: Those in group one have one valence electron, those in group two have two etc. Thus, elements in the same group have the same number of valence shell electrons and so, similar chemical properties.
How do molecules of a polar compound differ from those of a nonpolar compound?
First, it is best to bring up the four types of elemental bonding. The types are respectively polar bonds, nonpolar bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. They have been listed in respect to the general strength of the bond.Now, we will not divulge into the types of ionic nor hydrogen bonding because that is not related to the question.Polar and nonpolar bonding are the two principle bonding methods between nonmetal elements. These two types involve electron sharing between the elements bonded.The significance that defines the boundaries of polar and nonpolar bonds are whether the electrons are shared "equally." The reason electrons are shared is so an atom can achieve an electron configuration of that of a noble gas whose electron configuration is exceptionally stable.Although at any one time an electron is either in orbit around one of the bonded atoms, the electron spends an approximately equal time in orbit around all atoms in a nonpolar bond. This usually occurs when the elements bonded have a similar electron affinity (ability to take on another electron).In short, many of the nonpolar bonds occur between atoms of the same element. however, this does not mean that a nonpolar bond does not occur between different elements. For example, triglycerides (also known as a fatty acid) has the empirical chemical formula of CH3 creates a relatively nonpolar bond. This is the reason it does not dissolve readily in water which is polar.In a polar bond, the electrons are shared unequally. This usually occurs between nonmetal atoms that differ significantly in electron affinity. This means that the electron shared would spend a theoretically greater period of time in orbit around the more electronegative atom. This creates a region (where the electron is around) that is slightly negative, and it create a region (where the electron is not much around) that is slightly positive. A well known example is that of water. A water molecule (H2O) is a polar molecule. The oxygen has a higher electron affinity than hydrogen (and also more protons and therefore a greater positive charge). This pulls the electrons closer to the oxygen nucleus and gives the oxygen a smaller negative charge. The hydrogen spends less time with the electrons and now has a region that is slightly positive.Hope this helps.
What produces hydrogen atoms?
A Hydrogen atom is made up of a proton and a electron... and that's about it. They aren't really produced, they just form. But as they only have the one electron when there is space for two (one proton and two electrons would form a Helium atom), they have a positive charge and are very good for reacting with other elements, particularly those carrying a negative charge.
Why acidity increases with increasing oxidation state?
This happens for two reasons: 1) When the central atom of an oxyacid is highly oxidized, that implies that there are several highly electronegatives atoms bonded to that central atom. Those electronegative atoms will pull electron density toward themselves, making the bonds in the molecule more polar. Specifically, the O-H bond will become more polar. As the electron density between the O and H lessens, there is less of an attachment of the O to the H, so the dissociation of the H becomes more likely. Therefore, acidity is increased. 2) When the central atom of an oxyacid is highly oxidized, that implies that there are several highly electronegatives atoms bonded to that central atom. When the H has left, and the molecule is left as a conjugate base, the negative charge will generally be stabilized by the presence electronegative atoms, who will gladly take a share in the electron density, thereby smearing out the negative charge that results. A stable base is a weak base, so the fact that the resulting conjugate base does not have a highly condensed, localized charge, implies that it will not have a strong affinity for the H+ now in the solution. Thus most of the acid will dissociate, and will remain that way.
