tap water
You may increase the heat transfer rate to make it more sensitive to environment such as introducing air flow through thermometer in case of measuring air temperature. It can also design thermometer to be more sensitve with better heat sensitive material and thinner insulation wall. Introducing medium into contact surface (such as oil or water in thermowell) would speed up heat trasfer and make it more sensitive to temperature change.
It takes more heat to boil water than to simply heat water. Unless the water is already at its boiling point.
Salt water holds more heat than fresh water
Water can hold more heat than ice before it changes states. For example, when you add heat to ice, it changes to water almost immediately. When you add heat to water it takes more to turn it into steam.
Yes, the boiling water has more heat than the match flame.
Land heats and cools faster than water.
it absorbs more heat from sunlight than water because soil is looser which lets more sunlight in
Heat has more energy, so salt dissolve faster in hot water, because there is more heat and more energy.
Water has a higher heat capacity than land, meaning it can absorb more heat for a given temperature change. However, land heats up and cools down more quickly than water due to its lower heat capacity, which can result in more extreme temperature fluctuations on land compared to water.
Water has a higher specific heat capacity compared to pure or drinking alcohol. This means that water can hold more heat energy per unit mass. Therefore, water can absorb and retain more heat energy compared to alcohol.
A cup of boiling water since it has higher temperature. Note that heat transfer depends more on the temperature.
The more water you put into the kettle, the longer it will typically take to boil. This is because more water requires more energy to heat up to boiling temperature. Conversely, less water will heat up faster because there is less volume to heat.