Sion
The USA is part of the North American continent. It is not made up of continents.
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Antarctica
Pangaea was made up of the current major continents on Earth, where they were once combined in one continent.
Possibly. Because Beringia was made up of two continents, that should make it a larger continent.
There are no continents "in" the Philippines - they are an island chain on the Asian continent. The Philippines is a country, not a continent.
Sion
There are 54 countries in Africa, not continents. Africa is a continent itself, made up of many countries.
Jupiter doesn't have continents, the surface is all made of gas.
The question is asked backwards. Japan is a country of the Asian continent (Asia). No continents "belong" to Japan.
That is what's believed, yes. The super-continent is called Pangaea/Pangea.
Antarctica, who has 0. Of the populated continents, it is Australia & Oceania with about 60 million.