The principle that might apply here is momentum. Momentum is mass times velocity. What should be pointed out is that velocity is speed that has a direction vector. (If the car is moving ahead in a straight line it is traveling at "x" miles per hour "forward".) The car is moving forward and comes into contact with the truck. That seems to be where the question is looking. The mass of the car times its velocity is its momentum, and this represents the energy that it is carrying into the collision. This energy will have end up being distributed among the various parts and components of the car and the truck that are compressed, deformed and/or broken by the collision. The amount of damage will be proportional to the momentum. The more the momentum (the more the "forward" energy) of the car, the more compression, deformation and breakage there will be. Was everyone wearing seat belts? Are you in good hands?
Newton's Laws of Motion are applicable for every object. (Including the human body.)
The passenger would move forward, and either hit the seat or the windshield due to the inertia of the passenger (tendency to not change motion).
Yes
The car that is in motion is ALWAYS at fault.
the concept of force is applicable when considering an interaction between multiple bodies. the concept of motion on the other hand is applicable for multiple non-interacting bodies.(multiple because we require a frame of reference)
In a subduction zone, the dense, cold oceanic plate collides with the lighter, warmer continental plate and is forced down underneath it into the mantle. The motion is downwards and the force is called "slab pull".
The question is based on an incorrect understanding of Newton's laws. They are applicable in both examples - at least in their simplified models.
1st law of motion
Initially it is likely to be in motion and then it comes to rest.
The molecules of the gas are in constant motion and their collisions with the sides of the container exerts a force which is felt as pressure.
Motion
The motion is likely not to be a simple harmonic motion as required for the formula for the period of a pendulum to work properly. The angle of swing is likely to reduce.