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Red
There is no simple relation. The color does not depend only on the mass. The same star can change color, without a significant change in mass. For example, our Sun is currently yellow; in a few billion years, it is expected to get much larger, becoming a red giant. However, if we limit the sample of stars to those on the "main sequence" of the "HR diagram", there is something of a relation between mass and color. The most massive stars are blue or white. They are also hottest and most luminous. The least massive are the red dwarf stars, which are relatively cool and dim. Our Sun, which is a "main sequence" star at present, is somewhere in between those extremes. (There is a strong relationship between mass and luminosity for main sequence stars. The HR diagram, of course, shows there is a relationship between luminosity and color for the main sequence stars.)
Mercury is the smallest and the least massive planet, out of the eight in our solar system.
Generally, yes. For stars on the main sequence, meaning that they fuse hydrogen at their cores, mass, size, color, brightness, and temperature are all closely related. More massive stars are larger, brighter and hotter than less massive ones. The least massive stars are red. As you go to more massive stars color changes to orange, then yellow, then white, and finally to blue for the most massive stars.
The Main Sequence refers to the H-R diagram of stellar evolution (the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram). If a star is on the Main Sequence, then it is burning with the rate and temperature expected of its spectral class. Stars are divided into the following spectral classes on the H-R diagram: O, B, A, F, G, K, M O, B and A stars burn very hot because they are very large, and they are usually white/blue-white in color F and G stars (our sun is a G star) burn moderately, are moderate in size and give off yellow light K and M stars are red dwarfs. They burn slowly with red color, representing the coolest, least energetic spectrum of light. Stars which are off the Main Sequence but which are on the H-R diagram include Red Giants (like Betelgueuse and Antares), and white dwarfs, stages at the end of a star's life cycle which our sun will eventually pass through. More massive stars have different endings, including supernovae and black holes or neutron stars. These are not on the H-R diagram.
Red Dwarfs
red
Red
Neither, the sun is on the small side of the middle range of main sequence stars.
At least two states are the minimum.
There is no simple relation. The color does not depend only on the mass. The same star can change color, without a significant change in mass. For example, our Sun is currently yellow; in a few billion years, it is expected to get much larger, becoming a red giant. However, if we limit the sample of stars to those on the "main sequence" of the "HR diagram", there is something of a relation between mass and color. The most massive stars are blue or white. They are also hottest and most luminous. The least massive are the red dwarf stars, which are relatively cool and dim. Our Sun, which is a "main sequence" star at present, is somewhere in between those extremes. (There is a strong relationship between mass and luminosity for main sequence stars. The HR diagram, of course, shows there is a relationship between luminosity and color for the main sequence stars.)
Mercury is the smallest and the least massive planet, out of the eight in our solar system.
Generally, yes. For stars on the main sequence, meaning that they fuse hydrogen at their cores, mass, size, color, brightness, and temperature are all closely related. More massive stars are larger, brighter and hotter than less massive ones. The least massive stars are red. As you go to more massive stars color changes to orange, then yellow, then white, and finally to blue for the most massive stars.
The Main Sequence refers to the H-R diagram of stellar evolution (the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram). If a star is on the Main Sequence, then it is burning with the rate and temperature expected of its spectral class. Stars are divided into the following spectral classes on the H-R diagram: O, B, A, F, G, K, M O, B and A stars burn very hot because they are very large, and they are usually white/blue-white in color F and G stars (our sun is a G star) burn moderately, are moderate in size and give off yellow light K and M stars are red dwarfs. They burn slowly with red color, representing the coolest, least energetic spectrum of light. Stars which are off the Main Sequence but which are on the H-R diagram include Red Giants (like Betelgueuse and Antares), and white dwarfs, stages at the end of a star's life cycle which our sun will eventually pass through. More massive stars have different endings, including supernovae and black holes or neutron stars. These are not on the H-R diagram.
A sequence cannot be defined by one number. At least, not a sequence of any value.
No. Main sequence stars vary greatly in both temperature and luminosity. The least massive stars, red dwarfs, can have temperatures as low as 2,300 Kelvin and luminosity as low as 0.015% that of the sun. The most massive stars, which are blue in color can have temperatures as high as 50,000 Kelvin and may be hundreds of thousands times more luminous than the sun.
Mercury