Dutch and British
One reason for the Vasco da Gama trip around Africa and to India was that it was in Portugal's (and every other European trading power's) interest to find a way around the Ottoman Empire.
A) the shift of power from Portugal to Brazil
Trade goods are carried in ships. You can't be a major trading nation without ships. The cheapest way to obtain ships is to build them. Michael Montagne
The power and authority of the monarchy were replaced by the parliament.
While Spain and Portugal were using sea power to build overseas empires, Russia was expanding by land across Northern Asia. Eventually, this would make Russia the world's largest country.
The idea that a nation is composed of all its people replaced the earlier concept of a nation as a political entity defined primarily by territory and governance. Previously, nations were often viewed as extensions of state power, where sovereignty and rule were paramount, with less emphasis on the collective identity and rights of the populace. This shift towards a more inclusive understanding of national identity emphasized shared culture, history, and citizenship among the people, leading to the modern notion of the nation-state.
The Canary Islands several hundreds miles off the west coast of Africa are still under the control of a European power. The nation of Portugal exerts governmental control over them.
Kush remained a great trading power for some 600 years.
Kush remained a great trading power for some 600 years.
wealth and power
The first European power to establish trading ports along the west African coast after circumnavigating Africa was Portugal. In the 15th century, Portuguese explorers, led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator, began to explore the African coastline, eventually setting up trading posts and forts to facilitate trade in gold, ivory, and slaves. This marked the beginning of European maritime dominance in the region.
A. A shift in power from Portugal to Brazil