The Arctic Circle crosses parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Three, unless you count Europe and Asia as one continent.
Yes.
North
The land on the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada, Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).
The land on the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada, Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).
Europe, Asia, North America
North, unless you're inside it.
A line through a circle that does not go through the center of the circle is a secant line. A line through a circle that does go through the center is still a secant line, by the way. Compare this to a line segment that has its two endpoints on the circumference of the circle. That line segment is a cord of the circle. If that cord of the circle passes through the center of the circle, then the cord is a diameter of that circle.
The only country in Asia that extends above the arctic circle is Russia. There are five European countries that go that far north as well.
No, the cord of a circle does not have to go through the center of that circle. A chord that does go through the center of a circle is a special case and is called the diameter. A chord can connect any two points on a circle.
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia