PING, Netstat & Tracert
Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model. The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI Model.
layer 1, or the physical layer
provide connectivity between smaller local networks
A transport layer is the backbone of TCP/IP and the Internet. In this day and age, there are not design flaws in the system. The design of transport layer incorporates data stream with transmission.
There are network stability issues when routing large amounts of network data traffic if the networks are fully or even partially meshed together
The Session layer
ping, ipconfig, traceroute.
layer 1 deal with physical connectivity of network device.Most common problems related to Layer 1 as follow: -device power off -device power unplugged -loose network cable connection -incorrect cable type -faulty network cable
Layer 3
Network Layer
network
Hubs and repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI Model. The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI Model.
distribution
Repeaters operate at the physical layer of the OSI model.
The Open Systems Interconnection model which is developed by ISO in 1983 is used as a framework to explain networking basics and troubleshoot networking issues is called as Network Security Model. It is a seven layer model. Following are the 7 layers of Network Security ModelPhysicalVLANACLSoftwareUserAdministrativeIT Department
a loose network cable
The layer of the OSI model provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems where routing occurs in the network layer. The layer of the OSI model provides network services to processes in electronic mail and file transfer programs is application.