temperature,salinity,and density
global winds and density
Global winds, insolation, large bodies of water and ocean currents.
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
Regarding the composition of ocean water, I would describe it as a homogeneous mixture, or solution.
Yes.
from minerals in rivers and lakes running into the ocean
I think it is the pacific
Da fishies
on the ocean floor
Ocean topography has been determined through sonar detection.
It is a branch of chemistry which studying chemical processes and chemical composition of ocean waters.
I think there are several factors in determining it, like, where the epi center of the earthquake originated, and how deep the earthquake was, also I think there are some kind of bouys in the ocean that can measure stuff.