In some case chemical weathering can cause this (where new crystals form from old ones but where the volume of the new crystals is not the same as the original).
In other cases the weathering process is temperature driven by water entering the porous layer of a weathering rock and freezing. This can split the rock parallel to the surface, giving it exfoliation layers.
Some texts also imply that exfoliation domes are produced by by removal of vertical pressure relieving paleo stresses in the rock, this however would not be a weathering process.
mechanical weathering
Biological hydraulic weathering.
differential weathering
Biological. General rule, anything alive which causes weathering is biological weathering.
Chemical weathering
Mechanical weathering.
EXFOLIATION
Frost wedging
It is a type of weathering called exfoliation; also called onion skin weathering.
rain and any type of precipitation
Therew is only to types of weathering in my knowledge and they are Mechanical and Chemical (in scientific term). Mechanical is also know as physical.
Mechanical (physical) weathering is the breakdown of rock into smaller particles due to such factors as freezing and thawing, release of pressure, water absorption, salt crystal formation, landmass uplift, expansion and contraction from the sun or fire, plant root growth, actions of animals, abrasion, or other means that do not directly affect the rock's chemistry.
Physical Weathering (aka Mechanical Weathering) is the main type of weathering in deserts.
The type of weathering that causes Ice Wedging is Mechanical/ Physical Weathering.
Frost wedging
Chemical Weathering .
If you meant weathering that is caused by water; physical weathering is the answer.