We are creations of God. The philosophy of Judaism is that this world is a purposeful creation by God, in which all people are tested concerning their use of free-will. We possess a soul which lives on after the body dies and is held responsible for the person's actions. Anyone who is worthy, Jewish or not, can merit reward in the afterlife.
Judaism's roots are in the Hebrew religion of Abraham; and in the Israelite religion of Moses. According to tradition, "Judaism" as such began with the covenant between Abraham and God.
According to Jewish law, a Kohen can't marry a convert to Judaism.
Not according to Judaism.
Yes, according to tradition.
No, Isaiah was a prophet. According to the teachings of Judaism, HaShem (The Creator) is not man nor son of man.
Adam's first wife who refused to be with him.
St. John the Baptist according to Christianity. Malachi according to Judaism.
Sounds like a Zen koan. In Judaism, a Jew is fully a member of the Jewish people if he/she was born Jewish, or had a valid conversion into Judaism. Religious Judaism holds that a Jew can most fully express and nurture their Judaism by living according to the Torah. This is called by several names: religious Judaism; Torah-Judaism; Orthodox Judaism.
According to tradition, Abraham began the practices of Judaism 3800 years ago (Talmud, Yoma 28b).
Christianity acknowledges that Judaism began with Abraham as the first person after Noah to have a personal relationship with God.
No, according to tradtion, Judaism began with Abraham around 2000 BCE, and at that time, the Hebrews had no enemies.
According to Judaism - no.